I FARAONI

NINETJER

Wearing such ceremonial robes, the third king of Dynasty 2 would have been celebrating his ‘heb sed’ or Sed Festival. Typically held in the 30th year of a king’s reign and then every third year thereafter, the ‘heb sed’ is known to have been the opportunity for a king to show himself fit to reign. Suppose he became king at age 25, that would make him 55 in his regnal year 30.

While almost always given a youthful representation on a statue, this being the earliest-known pharaonic statue of a named king, it seems likely that the standard had not yet been instituted as King Ninetjer appears to be at least in his sixties in this statue. Pretty sure that no one would call it a youthful appearance.

Heb sed is probably most frequently spelled: 𓎳 𓋴𓂧 𓈅 𓉳 with the jubilee pavilion (𓎳 ) being ‘heb sed’ while the folded cloth (𓋴) and the hand (𓂧 ) are used to just re-emphasize ‘sed.’ And if that wasn’t enough, the second jubilee pavilion (𓉳 ) is intended to make sure the term is burned into your soul. 😁

Lacking many artifacts for the first king of Dynasty 2, you may remember the statue which I mentioned in connection with Hetep-sekhem-wy … that being Hetepdief. It’s likely that both the earliest-known named pharaoh and the earliest-known named non-royal were both sculpted during Ninetjer’s reign since, of course, Ninetjer’s name: (𓊹𓈖 ) appears on the shoulder of Hetepdief.

Discovered at his tomb in 1937 by Selim Hassan, the statue was purchased by RMO Leiden in 2014 and now resides in that museum. No accession number nor photographer was given by the museum’s website but the license is Creative Commons.

There is at least one other statue I have not mentioned that is earlier than both of these statues and it resides in the British Museum. However, that wooden sculpture has no definite associated name.

This is the statuette in the British Museum of the earliest-known unnamed king. It is often thought to be King Den but apparently no satisfactory evidence exists that it is indeed Den. The British Museum, however, displays it immediately adjacent to the Ebony Label of Den.

I FARAONI

RANEB

© David Robbins

Said to be one of the least well-attested kings of ancient Egypt, Raneb was the 2nd king of Dynasty II. We know very little about his reign. Not even his queen’s name is known. Of course, other than the last ruler, I don’t think we know the queen’s name of any other Dynasty II king.

As you can see on his tomb stela in my photo from NYC’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, his serekh name is spelled: 𓇳 𓎟

What is interesting about this is that it would translate to “Ra is lord” except for the fact that Ra was not yet worshipped until the Old Kingdom. Thus, it is thought that, in this case, the solar disk i.e. 𓇳 or N5 is just referring to the Sun and thus his name translates as “Lord of the sun.” Often, he is now referred to as “Nebra” rather than “Raneb” possibly to fit the style of many throne names beginning, I believe, with Pepy I of Dynasty VI.

Raneb is thought to have had a reign of about 10-14 years.

The MMA’s accession number is 60.144 and the medium is granite.

An interesting side note is that he is thought to have had a son named Perneb but it is not known whether Perneb, a priest, was the son of Hetep-sekhem-wy or Raneb because both pharaohs are thought to have had their tomb near the Pyramid of Unas at Saqqara (where artifacts bearing the name of Perneb were found).

The interesting side note (or, rather, coincidence) is that I am pretty certain that that wall (behind the stela) is that of the Old Kingdom’s Mastaba of Perneb (also from Saqqara) but definitely not the same Perneb.

I FARAONI

HETEP-SEKHEM-WY

Today I begin Dynasty II as my pharaonic series continues. Most Egyptologists give the dynasty five different kings with the first being Hetep-sekhem-wy.

Photo by me in November 2022. © David Robbins

You may remember the name Hetep-sekhem-wy from my post of about three months ago featuring the earliest-known statue of a non-royal … that being Hetepdief in the featured photo. My three other photos are are also from the reign of Hetep-sekhem-wy.

Hetepdief is significant because his right rear shoulder displays the three serekhs of Dynasty II’s first trio of kings which I’ll go through again later.

The three other third-party photos are:

Photographer: Juan Lazaro, 2000 License: Creative Commons

1) a granite vase from the Egyptian Museum featuring only part of Hetep-sekhem-wy’s name that being the 𓊵 offering table. He is the only king of the 30 dynasties (of whom I am aware) whose name begins with ‘Hetep.’

Photographer: Daderot, 2013 License: Creative Commons

2) a tan-colored bone cylinder from the Brooklyn Museum featuring Hetep-sekhem-wy’s full serekh.

Photographer: Iry-Hor, 2013 License: Creative Commons

3) a black vase from the National Archaeological Museum of France also featuring his full serekh.

Hetep-sekhem-wy deviated from the norm. That is, he moved his tomb from the now traditional necropolis at Umm el-Qa’ab at Abydos to the necropolis of Saqqara at “ineb hedj” ( 𓊅 𓌉 meaning “White Walls” or what we now call “Memphis”). That tomb is, unfortunately, not open and has not been open for, I believe, over a century. It still exists though and lies under the Dynasty 5 Pyramid of Unas. In the comments, I’ll show a map of how it is laid out below the Unas pyramid.

Hetep-sekhem-wy spelled his name in hieroglyphs as: 𓊵 𓌂𓌂𓊵 is ‘ḥtp’ (hetep or hotep) or an offering table whereas 𓌂 is sḫm (sekhem) or a scepter.

The 𓌂𓌂 or duplicate scepter pluralizes his name which adds ‘wy’ or ‘wi’ to the end of his name.

I FARAONI

QA’A

We now reach the ninth and final king of Dynasty I … that being King Qa’a which was both his serekh or Horus name and his throne name. His predecessor, Semerkhet, was the first to use a Nebty name, but my photo from the Cairo Museum (despite the use of the Two Ladies immediately above his name) is his throne name according to https://pharaoh.se/pharaoh/Qaa

© David Robbins

Thus, his throne name appears in the top left of his Royal Label as: 𓅒𓆤𓏏 𓇓 𓏏 𓈎 𓂝 which, according to pharaoh.se, translates as “The Dual king with raised arm of the Two Ladies.” But the last two hieroglyphs 𓈎 (Q) and 𓂝 (the ayin … often used as a vowel … would be the ‘a’). Remember that there were no vowels in hieroglyphs. We just use glottal stops (the alef, the ayin, the yod) as convenient vowels or we probably would have a difficult time pronouncing many of their names. At least, this is how I understand it. I would enter the actual transliterations but most browsers are still incapable of displaying them other than as boxes (meaning they could not be displayed).

Stela of Qa’a now in the NMEC. Unfortunately, I do not have the photographer’s name.
Stele di Qa’a ora nel NMEC. Purtroppo non ho il nome del fotografo.

Qa’a was not just the last king of Dynasty 1 but also the last king of the 29th Century BCE. He is generally given a reign of 33 years because we know that he celebrated a second heb festival and since the first was generally celebrated in a king’s 30th year and the second heb was three years later, he likely achieved 33 years. It is thought that, upon his death, an internal war erupted between two possible successors. Yet neither of them succeeded him and his reign was followed by the founder of Dynasty 2.

Stela of Qa’a in the Penn Museum. The photographer goes by the name of Chipdawes. The license is Creative Commons.
Stele di Qa’a nel Penn Museum. Il fotografo si chiama Chipdawes. La licenza è Creative Commons.
The tomb of Qa’a at Umm el-Qa’ab. The photographer was Tore Kjeilen who stated that the photo is public domain.
La tomba di Qa’a a Umm el-Qa’ab. Il fotografo è Tore Kjeilen, che ha dichiarato che la foto è di dominio pubblico.
I FARAONI

SEMERKHET

Semerkhet was the eighth of nine Dynasty 1 kings of Egypt. As you might recognize by now, Semerkhet was his serekh or Horus name as indicated by the image of Horus perched on top of the palace facade called a serekh by the ancient Egyptians. As you can see in both artifacts pictured, his serekh name was spelled in hieroglyphs as: 𓋴𓍋𓄡 where the folded cloth (𓋴) is the ‘s’ and, like Narmer, the chisel (𓍋) is the ‘mr’ and, finally, the belly and tail (𓄡) is the ‘kh.’ So all, together, it’s ‘s-mr-kh’ and, I confess, I don’t know where the ‘t’ is derived but maybe just to make it easy to pronounce.

The Stela of Semerkhet in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. © David Robbins
The sherd of Semerkhet in the Petrie Museum in London. © David Robbins

The stela is in the Cairo Museum standing immediately adjacent to the Stela of Merneith. Pictured second is a sherd found in the Tomb of Qa’a (Tomb U) at Umm el-Qa’ab and now in the Petrie Museum in London. On the sherd, you see a slightly different spelling where the final hieroglyph, often called a sieve (𓐍), is also a ‘kh.’

As recorded on a fragment of the Palermo Stone, Semerkhet had an 8.5-year reign. The Palermo Stone, along with Manetho and Eusebius, record a great calamity in his first year as king but nothing appears to be known about the nature of the calamity. It is thought though that the calamity made his reign quite unsuccessful.

The stela has the accession number of CG 14633 in the Cairo Museum and the sherd has the accession number of UC.36756 in London’s Petrie Museum.

The alabaster bowl from the National Archaeological Museum near Paris shows Semerkhet’s throne name which was “Iry.” The entire inscription is translated as “The Dual king who belongs to the Two Ladies” where the Two Ladies refers to the cobra and vulture pictured in the middle or the two goddesses named Wadjet and Nekhbet (shown in reverse in the Unicode hieroglyphs as 𓅒). The photographer goes by the name of “Iry-Hor” which is the name of a predynastic king of Egypt!
La coppa di alabastro del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Parigi mostra il nome del trono di Semerkhet, che era “Iry”. L’intera iscrizione è tradotta come “Il re doppio che appartiene alle Due Signore”, dove le Due Signore si riferiscono al cobra e all’avvoltoio raffigurati al centro o alle due dee chiamate Wadjet e Nekhbet (indicate al contrario nei geroglifici Unicode come 𓅒). Il fotografo si fa chiamare “Iry-Hor” che è il nome di un sovrano predinastico egizio!

I FARAONI

ANEDJIB

In the middle of the 29th Century BCE, the apparent son of Den came to the throne of Egypt and his name was Anedjib. In hieroglyphs, his name was spelled: 𓎚 𓏋

On the right, the name of Anedjib in the now-familiar serekh or palace facade and, on the left, an image of Anedjib likely holding a ceremonial mace. The photographer goes by the name of Udimu.
A destra, il nome di Anedjib nell’ormai familiare serekh o facciata di palazzo e, a sinistra, un’immagine di Anedjib che probabilmente impugna una mazza cerimoniale. Il fotografo si fa chiamare Udimu.

He was apparently the William Wallace or Mel Gibson of ancient Egypt as his name means “Brave of heart.” Once again, you can see that same heart in his name (ib) which, as you may remember (from my recent post on Aha and Benerib) was placed on the Scale of Ma’at in the Judgement Hall.

Anedjib’s throne name was “Merbiap” which means he also must have been a king in the Game of Thrones 🤣 as Merbiap is translated as “Beloved one of the iron throne.”

© David Robbins

During the 10-year reign of Anedjib, the artifact pictured was created in that middle of the 29th Century BCE. It is the most enigmatic such object that I can think of from ancient Egypt. In fact, it is called an “oopart” which is defined as an artifact technologically at odds with its determined age. Yet, its age is determined based on physical, chemical and geological evidence and, most importantly, was found in the tomb of Anedjib’s son named Sabu. The ornamental vessel was found in the burial chamber of the Mastaba of Sabu (Tomb 3111) at Saqqara by Egyptologist Walter Emery on the 10th of January 1936.

The Tri-Lobed Disc of Sabu is a round-bottomed bowl with three thinly-carved curved lobes. As you can see, the lobes are carved at 120 degrees around its periphery. And the shape and curve of those lobes suggest some sort of function. Akio Kato of Kanagawa University proposes that it was used in making beer while others propose that it was used in manufacturing natron.

Its medium is metasiltstone and its diameter is 60 cm or 23.5 inches. I could not determine its accession number but it is found in the Cairo Museum (formerly immediately adjacent to the two coffins of Ahmose-Merytamun). I believe it is still there but the coffins have been moved.

Anedjib’s Great Royal Wife was named Betrest.

I FARAONI

DEN

So far, we have covered the first five monarchs i.e.

𓇓 𓏏 𓆤 𓏏 (nesu-bity) and their queens i.e. 𓈞 𓏏 𓇓 𓅨 (hemet-nesu-weret) which I summarize below (where the regnal years are purely guesswork):

reg-yrs / length / dynasty / royalty

3072-3012 60 01-01 Narmer, Neithhotep?

3012-2980 32 01-02 Hor-Aha, Benerib, Khenthap

2948-2907 41 01-03 Djer,Nakhtneith

2907-2897 10 01-04 Djet, Merneith

2897-2887 10 01-05 Merneith (regent and probable monarch)

I acknowledge that I did not mention Neithhotep or Nakhtneith but that’s because I know absolutely nothing about them and, as indicated by the question mark, it’s apparently not even certain with Narmer’s consort.

© David Robbins

This now brings us fully into the 29th Century BCE with the 42-year reign of Den (technically 32 years since his mother was co-regent for the first 10). As you can see in the top image of my two-photo collage, Den imitates the same smiting motif as we saw in Narmer on his palette. I photographed both the ivory label of Den (top) and the Ebony Label of Den just moments apart as they are both in the same display case in the British Museum.

Just to the right of Den’s face (on the ivory label), you can see his serekh (𓊁 ) with his name in the top part as Den with the hand (𓂧/D) and the water ripple (𓈖/n). This is where the names of deities almost always appear … just to the right of the face. So when you go to Egypt, just have a chart on your smart phone and you can probably read the name of any deity on a wall or in a museum. Later, in Egyptian history though, the cartouche gets invented and royal names (birth names and throne names) are always then shown in cartouches. Deities, however, remain to the right of the face pretty consistently forever.

Both labels were found at Den’s tomb at Umm el-Qa’ab in the spoil heaps of Émile Amélineau meaning he didn’t find them or didn’t consider them important. Flinders Petrie saw such things of the highest importance and, of course, Petrie was right especially since this is possibly the earliest images (along with Narmer’s Palette) that we have of an Egyptian pharaoh.

The right hand side of the Ivory Label depicts the Standard of Wepwawet as you can see the jackal at the top of the standard. The hieroglyphs say, basically, “first occasion of smiting the East.” 𓐓 𓊗 𓌐𓋁

The Ebony Label on the bottom shows more hieroglyphs than I can possibly explain here but the most important part is that in the top right in which we see Den portrayed both enthroned under a canopy at left and performing in his heb sed on the right. The heb sed was a festival held typically in the 30th year of a pharaoh’s reign in order to “rejuvenate” him or show that the king was still capable of ruling. Thus, you see Den, to the right, running during his heb sed.

The Ivory Label is EA 55586 in the British Museum.

The Ebony Label is EA 32650 also in the British Museum.

I FARAONI

DJET AND MERNEITH

The 49-centuries-old Stela of Djet spelled 𓆓 now in the Louvre.
© Dave Robbins
The 49-centuries old Stela of Merneith (spelled 𓌸 𓋎 or, in Gardiner numbers as U6 R27) now in the Cairo Museum. The stela was excavated by Flinders Petrie in Tomb Y at Umm el-Qa’ab in Abydos. © Dave Robbins

Each of these stelae are about 49 centuries old. Yet, through the efforts of Champollion and Young, we are able to actually know who it was for whom they were carved. They were the the husband and wife named Djet (𓆓) and Merneith (𓌸𓋎) who each served as king and Queen regent for what is thought to be 10 years each. The actual name for a stela in ancient Egypt was ‘wedj’ which was spelled in a variety of ways but, probably, most commonly as:𓎘 𓅱 𓉸

The stela for Djet was also found by Emile Amelineau in 1896. You may remember that he also found the Bier of Osiris (in my previous post) two years later. Despite his finds, Amelineau does not enjoy a very good reputation as his practices were highly criticized, deservedly so, by the great Flinders Petrie who did most of the follow-up work in what is now known as Tomb Z at Umm el-Qa’ab.

When Djet (pronounced [JET]) died, his son had yet to reach majority in order to succeed as the monarch. Thus, Merneith (meaning “Beloved of the goddess Neith”) followed as regent for 10 years and is often thought to be the first female pharaoh. Why is it thought that she was the first female pharaoh? Because, for one, she has her own funerary complex at Umm el-Qa’ab (Tomb Y) immediately adjacent to Djet’s (Tomb Z).

The Stela of Djet now resides in the Louvre (accession# E 11007) and the Stela of Merneith (JE 34450) is found in the Cairo Museum. My photos are from 2019 and 2018 respectively.

Be sure to check out a 3rd-party photo of the ivory comb of Djet in the comments in which is shown the earliest-known “Was Scepter” … actually a pair.

I FARAONI

DJER

We now reach the end of the 30th Century BCE with the reign of King Djer who is thought to have reigned as many as 41 years. Unfortunately, I did not have very interesting photos of Djer (Oooh! Arrowheads! Wouldn’t you have been excited? 🤣 ) so, I will take a short break from my own collection of photos to show you my very favorite artifact that, sadly, I have yet to see with my own eyes. That’s because the Bier of Osiris, found in the Tomb of Djer at Umm el-Qa’ab in the low western desert of Abydos, has always been in a traveling exhibition for five or more years … even when I was last in the Egyptian Museum in November.

Shown in the accompanying photo shortly after it was found in the Tomb of Djer in Umm el-Qa’ab, the Bier of Osiris was excavated by Emile Amelineau, a French Egyptologist, in 1898.

From the New Kingdom onwards, the Tomb of Djer was regarded as the Tomb of Osiris and it was here that the famous five-day passion play of Osiris was re-enacted to commemorate the Myth of Osiris. How do we know this? The details of the passion play are recorded on the Dynasty 12 Stela of Ikhernofret now in the Neues Museum in Berlin. We call the passion play the Khoiak Festival but that’s a Coptic name. The ancient Egyptians called it kaherka or ( 𓂓 𓁷 𓏤 𓂓 𓎱 𓇳 ). As you can see, there is a heb sign (𓎱) shown to indicate that it was a festival. Some of the activities during the festival were shaping earth to look like the profile of Osiris. Seeds were sown in a ceramic Osiris Mold and then watered until germination.

But back to Djer! Remember? Dynasty I’s third king? 😀 According to Josef Wegner, his serekh name (meaning “Defender of Horus”) is pronounced “JAIR” as in chair, and his name is spelled as 𓇦 (M37 among Gardiner numbers). On the Abydos Kinglist in the Temple of Sety I, his name appears as his throne name or 𓇋 𓏏 𓍘 (Iteti). He is thought to be the son to Hor-Aha and Hor-Aha’s other wife named Khenthap. When his tomb was found, his mummified arm was found with four bracelets around his wrist (of which I will post a photo of in the comments along with a photo of his tomb … now back-filled).

I FARAONI

HOR-AHA

As you may remember, I started with the first king of Dynasty I and his name is Narmer. In his case, at least we had an image of him on his famous palette which, until 25 years ago, also contained the earliest-known hieroglyphs. Now, that oldest record of hieroglyphs has been superseded by even earlier hieroglyphs on tags found by Gunter Dryer in Umm el-Qa’ab in Abydos.

© Dave Robbins

But pictured is yet other very ancient hieroglyphs … those of the 2nd king of Dynasty 1, Hor-Aha, and his wife, Benerib. The hieroglyphs were found on a fragment from a box made from hippopotamus ivory also found at Umm el-Qa’ab. Once again, we see a falcon standing above the serekh or palace facade used for the Horus or serekh name of the king, that being Hor-Aha, sometimes just referred to as “Aha” and spelled with the shield and mace (D34) shown as: 𓂚 (Admittedly, it’s not an exact match but it’s close and I’ll go along with it.)

To the left, we see the name of Benerib which means the queen was just called “Sweetheart!” 🤣 It’s true! The “ib” (𓄣) means heart … that being the same heart you see on the scale in the Judgment Hall and the “bnr” or “bener” (𓇟) means “sweet.”

The “Ivory Box fragment of Hor-Aha” is found in the British Museum and carries the accession number of EA 35513. My photo is from December 2017.