I FARAONI

HETEP-SEKHEM-WY

Today I begin Dynasty II as my pharaonic series continues. Most Egyptologists give the dynasty five different kings with the first being Hetep-sekhem-wy.

Photo by me in November 2022. © David Robbins

You may remember the name Hetep-sekhem-wy from my post of about three months ago featuring the earliest-known statue of a non-royal … that being Hetepdief in the featured photo. My three other photos are are also from the reign of Hetep-sekhem-wy.

Hetepdief is significant because his right rear shoulder displays the three serekhs of Dynasty II’s first trio of kings which I’ll go through again later.

The three other third-party photos are:

Photographer: Juan Lazaro, 2000 License: Creative Commons

1) a granite vase from the Egyptian Museum featuring only part of Hetep-sekhem-wy’s name that being the 𓊵 offering table. He is the only king of the 30 dynasties (of whom I am aware) whose name begins with ‘Hetep.’

Photographer: Daderot, 2013 License: Creative Commons

2) a tan-colored bone cylinder from the Brooklyn Museum featuring Hetep-sekhem-wy’s full serekh.

Photographer: Iry-Hor, 2013 License: Creative Commons

3) a black vase from the National Archaeological Museum of France also featuring his full serekh.

Hetep-sekhem-wy deviated from the norm. That is, he moved his tomb from the now traditional necropolis at Umm el-Qa’ab at Abydos to the necropolis of Saqqara at “ineb hedj” ( 𓊅 𓌉 meaning “White Walls” or what we now call “Memphis”). That tomb is, unfortunately, not open and has not been open for, I believe, over a century. It still exists though and lies under the Dynasty 5 Pyramid of Unas. In the comments, I’ll show a map of how it is laid out below the Unas pyramid.

Hetep-sekhem-wy spelled his name in hieroglyphs as: 𓊵 𓌂𓌂𓊵 is ‘ḥtp’ (hetep or hotep) or an offering table whereas 𓌂 is sḫm (sekhem) or a scepter.

The 𓌂𓌂 or duplicate scepter pluralizes his name which adds ‘wy’ or ‘wi’ to the end of his name.

I FARAONI

QA’A

We now reach the ninth and final king of Dynasty I … that being King Qa’a which was both his serekh or Horus name and his throne name. His predecessor, Semerkhet, was the first to use a Nebty name, but my photo from the Cairo Museum (despite the use of the Two Ladies immediately above his name) is his throne name according to https://pharaoh.se/pharaoh/Qaa

© David Robbins

Thus, his throne name appears in the top left of his Royal Label as: 𓅒𓆤𓏏 𓇓 𓏏 𓈎 𓂝 which, according to pharaoh.se, translates as “The Dual king with raised arm of the Two Ladies.” But the last two hieroglyphs 𓈎 (Q) and 𓂝 (the ayin … often used as a vowel … would be the ‘a’). Remember that there were no vowels in hieroglyphs. We just use glottal stops (the alef, the ayin, the yod) as convenient vowels or we probably would have a difficult time pronouncing many of their names. At least, this is how I understand it. I would enter the actual transliterations but most browsers are still incapable of displaying them other than as boxes (meaning they could not be displayed).

Stela of Qa’a now in the NMEC. Unfortunately, I do not have the photographer’s name.
Stele di Qa’a ora nel NMEC. Purtroppo non ho il nome del fotografo.

Qa’a was not just the last king of Dynasty 1 but also the last king of the 29th Century BCE. He is generally given a reign of 33 years because we know that he celebrated a second heb festival and since the first was generally celebrated in a king’s 30th year and the second heb was three years later, he likely achieved 33 years. It is thought that, upon his death, an internal war erupted between two possible successors. Yet neither of them succeeded him and his reign was followed by the founder of Dynasty 2.

Stela of Qa’a in the Penn Museum. The photographer goes by the name of Chipdawes. The license is Creative Commons.
Stele di Qa’a nel Penn Museum. Il fotografo si chiama Chipdawes. La licenza è Creative Commons.
The tomb of Qa’a at Umm el-Qa’ab. The photographer was Tore Kjeilen who stated that the photo is public domain.
La tomba di Qa’a a Umm el-Qa’ab. Il fotografo è Tore Kjeilen, che ha dichiarato che la foto è di dominio pubblico.
I FARAONI

SEMERKHET

Semerkhet was the eighth of nine Dynasty 1 kings of Egypt. As you might recognize by now, Semerkhet was his serekh or Horus name as indicated by the image of Horus perched on top of the palace facade called a serekh by the ancient Egyptians. As you can see in both artifacts pictured, his serekh name was spelled in hieroglyphs as: 𓋴𓍋𓄡 where the folded cloth (𓋴) is the ‘s’ and, like Narmer, the chisel (𓍋) is the ‘mr’ and, finally, the belly and tail (𓄡) is the ‘kh.’ So all, together, it’s ‘s-mr-kh’ and, I confess, I don’t know where the ‘t’ is derived but maybe just to make it easy to pronounce.

The Stela of Semerkhet in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. © David Robbins
The sherd of Semerkhet in the Petrie Museum in London. © David Robbins

The stela is in the Cairo Museum standing immediately adjacent to the Stela of Merneith. Pictured second is a sherd found in the Tomb of Qa’a (Tomb U) at Umm el-Qa’ab and now in the Petrie Museum in London. On the sherd, you see a slightly different spelling where the final hieroglyph, often called a sieve (𓐍), is also a ‘kh.’

As recorded on a fragment of the Palermo Stone, Semerkhet had an 8.5-year reign. The Palermo Stone, along with Manetho and Eusebius, record a great calamity in his first year as king but nothing appears to be known about the nature of the calamity. It is thought though that the calamity made his reign quite unsuccessful.

The stela has the accession number of CG 14633 in the Cairo Museum and the sherd has the accession number of UC.36756 in London’s Petrie Museum.

The alabaster bowl from the National Archaeological Museum near Paris shows Semerkhet’s throne name which was “Iry.” The entire inscription is translated as “The Dual king who belongs to the Two Ladies” where the Two Ladies refers to the cobra and vulture pictured in the middle or the two goddesses named Wadjet and Nekhbet (shown in reverse in the Unicode hieroglyphs as 𓅒). The photographer goes by the name of “Iry-Hor” which is the name of a predynastic king of Egypt!
La coppa di alabastro del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Parigi mostra il nome del trono di Semerkhet, che era “Iry”. L’intera iscrizione è tradotta come “Il re doppio che appartiene alle Due Signore”, dove le Due Signore si riferiscono al cobra e all’avvoltoio raffigurati al centro o alle due dee chiamate Wadjet e Nekhbet (indicate al contrario nei geroglifici Unicode come 𓅒). Il fotografo si fa chiamare “Iry-Hor” che è il nome di un sovrano predinastico egizio!

I FARAONI

ANEDJIB

In the middle of the 29th Century BCE, the apparent son of Den came to the throne of Egypt and his name was Anedjib. In hieroglyphs, his name was spelled: 𓎚 𓏋

On the right, the name of Anedjib in the now-familiar serekh or palace facade and, on the left, an image of Anedjib likely holding a ceremonial mace. The photographer goes by the name of Udimu.
A destra, il nome di Anedjib nell’ormai familiare serekh o facciata di palazzo e, a sinistra, un’immagine di Anedjib che probabilmente impugna una mazza cerimoniale. Il fotografo si fa chiamare Udimu.

He was apparently the William Wallace or Mel Gibson of ancient Egypt as his name means “Brave of heart.” Once again, you can see that same heart in his name (ib) which, as you may remember (from my recent post on Aha and Benerib) was placed on the Scale of Ma’at in the Judgement Hall.

Anedjib’s throne name was “Merbiap” which means he also must have been a king in the Game of Thrones 🤣 as Merbiap is translated as “Beloved one of the iron throne.”

© David Robbins

During the 10-year reign of Anedjib, the artifact pictured was created in that middle of the 29th Century BCE. It is the most enigmatic such object that I can think of from ancient Egypt. In fact, it is called an “oopart” which is defined as an artifact technologically at odds with its determined age. Yet, its age is determined based on physical, chemical and geological evidence and, most importantly, was found in the tomb of Anedjib’s son named Sabu. The ornamental vessel was found in the burial chamber of the Mastaba of Sabu (Tomb 3111) at Saqqara by Egyptologist Walter Emery on the 10th of January 1936.

The Tri-Lobed Disc of Sabu is a round-bottomed bowl with three thinly-carved curved lobes. As you can see, the lobes are carved at 120 degrees around its periphery. And the shape and curve of those lobes suggest some sort of function. Akio Kato of Kanagawa University proposes that it was used in making beer while others propose that it was used in manufacturing natron.

Its medium is metasiltstone and its diameter is 60 cm or 23.5 inches. I could not determine its accession number but it is found in the Cairo Museum (formerly immediately adjacent to the two coffins of Ahmose-Merytamun). I believe it is still there but the coffins have been moved.

Anedjib’s Great Royal Wife was named Betrest.

Kemet Djedu

LA STELE DI TORINO 50034

VERSO

La stele 50034 custodita al Museo Egizio di Torino ed illustrata nella pagina dedicata alla regina Ahmose Nefertari QUI è, manco a dirlo, molto bella anche perché presenta ancora molti colori. L’originalità della stele è di avere pure il lato nascosto lavorato. Si tratta soltanto di uno schizzo che, però, rappresenta addirittura l’effige del visir con tanto di didascalia.

Visto che la stele è molto conosciuta per il suo recto, allora commentiamo filologicacamente il suo verso.

RECTO

Come da convenzione internazionale (occidentale) i testi originali vanno tutti riportati per righe orizzontali da sinistra a destra. Ciò significa che i geroglifici possono subire uno spostamento relativo diverso pur essendo tutti precisamente riportati.

La stele ha una breve scheda sul sito del Museo Egizio, il suo numero di inventario precedente era C1452. La trovate QUI.

Come di consueto ho proposto anche la codifica IPA per permettere la lettura a chi non conosce i geroglifici. Nel caso invece foste interessati a studiarli potrete trovare a questi link uno strumentario completo:

Kemet Djedu

IL TRONO DI SAT-AMON

Il trono della principessa, e poi regina, Sat-Amon figlia primogenita di Amenhotep III e di Tiiy (illustrato QUI da Patrizia Burlini) mostra, oltre all’abilità artigianale nel produrlo, un’iscrizione sulla tabella che decora il lato interno dello schienale.

Su essa sono riportate due immagini che subito comprendiamo come speculari. La principessa è seduta mentre un’ancella le sta recando un collare d’oro posto su di un vassoio.

Anche le colonne di testo sono speculari e recitano l’identico messaggio. Poiché la raffigurazione di sinistra è meno danneggiata, analizziamo quella.

Come al solito ho aggiunto la pronuncia secondo la codifica IPA per far leggere i geroglifici anche a coloro che non li hanno (ancora) studiati.

La descrizione originale di Davis e Maspero
Kemet Djedu

RAMESSE III

Questo particolare appartiene al tempio di Medinet Abu, fatto erigere da Ramesse III.

Poiché l’immagine è favolosamente chiara e perfetta, non resta che farne una brevissima e facilissima esercitazione filologica.

Armatevi di pazienza ed interesse (ma so che di questo ne avete in abbondanza) e provata e leggere.

Pictures

Isis Amulet

Isis Amulet with Chain of Wendjebauendjed.

This amulet of General Wendjebauendjed is in the shape of a standing figure of Isis. She is shown here as a woman with two horns over her head flanking the solar disk.

The goddess Isis is wearing a tripartite wig with a protective uraeus, or rearing cobra, on the forehead. She is wearing a tight dress, a collar, and bracelets. It seems that she was holding the Shen sign.

Magic plays a central role in all the events involving this goddess: it is through magic that Osiris comes back to life, Horus is conceived and protected, and the deceased assisted in the afterlife. The magic of Isis was also invoked in many spells of protection and healing.

Many myths highlight her great magical ability and in one in particular – in which she learns the true name of the god Re – she consolidates her position as one of the most important deities in terms of magical knowledge and power.

In this myth, Isis creates a snake to bite Re, the sun god. Re is poisoned and can only recover from the bite by revealing his true name to the goddess: knowing the name of someone/something was tantamount to having great power over them…and that is exactly what Isis achieves! Re is healed and Isis strengthens her power.

Third Intermediate Period, 21st Dynasty, reign of Psusennes I, ca. 1047-1001 BC,
from tomb NRT III, Tanis.

Now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. JE 87716

I FARAONI

DEN

So far, we have covered the first five monarchs i.e.

𓇓 𓏏 𓆤 𓏏 (nesu-bity) and their queens i.e. 𓈞 𓏏 𓇓 𓅨 (hemet-nesu-weret) which I summarize below (where the regnal years are purely guesswork):

reg-yrs / length / dynasty / royalty

3072-3012 60 01-01 Narmer, Neithhotep?

3012-2980 32 01-02 Hor-Aha, Benerib, Khenthap

2948-2907 41 01-03 Djer,Nakhtneith

2907-2897 10 01-04 Djet, Merneith

2897-2887 10 01-05 Merneith (regent and probable monarch)

I acknowledge that I did not mention Neithhotep or Nakhtneith but that’s because I know absolutely nothing about them and, as indicated by the question mark, it’s apparently not even certain with Narmer’s consort.

© David Robbins

This now brings us fully into the 29th Century BCE with the 42-year reign of Den (technically 32 years since his mother was co-regent for the first 10). As you can see in the top image of my two-photo collage, Den imitates the same smiting motif as we saw in Narmer on his palette. I photographed both the ivory label of Den (top) and the Ebony Label of Den just moments apart as they are both in the same display case in the British Museum.

Just to the right of Den’s face (on the ivory label), you can see his serekh (𓊁 ) with his name in the top part as Den with the hand (𓂧/D) and the water ripple (𓈖/n). This is where the names of deities almost always appear … just to the right of the face. So when you go to Egypt, just have a chart on your smart phone and you can probably read the name of any deity on a wall or in a museum. Later, in Egyptian history though, the cartouche gets invented and royal names (birth names and throne names) are always then shown in cartouches. Deities, however, remain to the right of the face pretty consistently forever.

Both labels were found at Den’s tomb at Umm el-Qa’ab in the spoil heaps of Émile Amélineau meaning he didn’t find them or didn’t consider them important. Flinders Petrie saw such things of the highest importance and, of course, Petrie was right especially since this is possibly the earliest images (along with Narmer’s Palette) that we have of an Egyptian pharaoh.

The right hand side of the Ivory Label depicts the Standard of Wepwawet as you can see the jackal at the top of the standard. The hieroglyphs say, basically, “first occasion of smiting the East.” 𓐓 𓊗 𓌐𓋁

The Ebony Label on the bottom shows more hieroglyphs than I can possibly explain here but the most important part is that in the top right in which we see Den portrayed both enthroned under a canopy at left and performing in his heb sed on the right. The heb sed was a festival held typically in the 30th year of a pharaoh’s reign in order to “rejuvenate” him or show that the king was still capable of ruling. Thus, you see Den, to the right, running during his heb sed.

The Ivory Label is EA 55586 in the British Museum.

The Ebony Label is EA 32650 also in the British Museum.

I FARAONI

DJET AND MERNEITH

The 49-centuries-old Stela of Djet spelled 𓆓 now in the Louvre.
© Dave Robbins
The 49-centuries old Stela of Merneith (spelled 𓌸 𓋎 or, in Gardiner numbers as U6 R27) now in the Cairo Museum. The stela was excavated by Flinders Petrie in Tomb Y at Umm el-Qa’ab in Abydos. © Dave Robbins

Each of these stelae are about 49 centuries old. Yet, through the efforts of Champollion and Young, we are able to actually know who it was for whom they were carved. They were the the husband and wife named Djet (𓆓) and Merneith (𓌸𓋎) who each served as king and Queen regent for what is thought to be 10 years each. The actual name for a stela in ancient Egypt was ‘wedj’ which was spelled in a variety of ways but, probably, most commonly as:𓎘 𓅱 𓉸

The stela for Djet was also found by Emile Amelineau in 1896. You may remember that he also found the Bier of Osiris (in my previous post) two years later. Despite his finds, Amelineau does not enjoy a very good reputation as his practices were highly criticized, deservedly so, by the great Flinders Petrie who did most of the follow-up work in what is now known as Tomb Z at Umm el-Qa’ab.

When Djet (pronounced [JET]) died, his son had yet to reach majority in order to succeed as the monarch. Thus, Merneith (meaning “Beloved of the goddess Neith”) followed as regent for 10 years and is often thought to be the first female pharaoh. Why is it thought that she was the first female pharaoh? Because, for one, she has her own funerary complex at Umm el-Qa’ab (Tomb Y) immediately adjacent to Djet’s (Tomb Z).

The Stela of Djet now resides in the Louvre (accession# E 11007) and the Stela of Merneith (JE 34450) is found in the Cairo Museum. My photos are from 2019 and 2018 respectively.

Be sure to check out a 3rd-party photo of the ivory comb of Djet in the comments in which is shown the earliest-known “Was Scepter” … actually a pair.